Cheap flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from C$ 453
This is the cheapest round-trip flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 21/1. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
YUL — RIO
4 Dec — 11 Dec1
Round-trip
1 adult
Economy
Round-trip
1 adult, Economy, 0 bags
Cheap flight deals from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Enter your travel dates to find the best prices.
Cheapest
Best
Direct
Last-minute
One-way
Cheapest flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 4 November 2026.
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
2 stops23h 00m
Wed 9/128:35 a.m. -
2 stops38h 10m
Deal found 3/11C$ 857
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop24h 20m
Wed 9/128:35 a.m. -
2 stops38h 10m
Deal found 3/11C$ 873
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 22/19:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 1/11C$ 891
Fri 4/123:10 p.m. -
2 stops31h 20m
Sun 6/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 1/11C$ 899
Tue 1/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop29h 45m
Tue 8/125:05 p.m. -
2 stops29h 40m
Deal found 1/11C$ 909
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop24h 20m
Fri 11/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 3/11C$ 929
Tue 1/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop15h 35m
Tue 8/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 31/10C$ 937
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Thu 21/19:30 a.m. -
1 stop15h 19m
Deal found 3/11C$ 948
Mon 9/1112:44 p.m. -
2 stops23h 56m
Thu 26/1110:10 a.m. -
2 stops29h 26m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,060
Tue 10/112:30 p.m. -
2 stops24h 55m
Wed 2/127:05 p.m. -
2 stops25h 49m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,117
Tue 3/119:15 a.m. -
2 stops25h 55m
Wed 18/117:00 p.m. -
2 stops26h 48m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,205
Wed 4/112:13 p.m. -
2 stops20h 57m
Thu 12/117:00 p.m. -
2 stops22h 16m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,221
Best flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro that have cost, travel time, and layovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 4 November 2026.
Sat 16/14:45 p.m. -
2 stops38h 50m
Sun 31/19:55 p.m. -
2 stops23h 53m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,005
Sun 24/16:00 a.m. -
2 stops26h 15m
Tue 2/29:05 p.m. -
2 stops16h 54m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,019
Sun 17/110:10 p.m. -
2 stops39h 00m
Wed 3/27:45 a.m. -
1 stop15h 00m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,032
Tue 19/110:10 p.m. -
2 stops23h 10m
Wed 3/24:50 p.m. -
1 stop29h 55m
Deal found 30/10C$ 1,071
Thu 21/110:55 a.m. -
2 stops23h 10m
Mon 25/16:40 p.m. -
2 stops25h 51m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,338
Sat 6/21:50 p.m. -
1 stop14h 30m
Mon 15/26:35 p.m. -
2 stops40h 56m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,466
Tue 19/16:00 a.m. -
2 stops26h 15m
Fri 29/19:05 p.m. -
2 stops16h 54m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,019
Tue 19/110:10 p.m. -
2 stops34h 55m
Wed 27/16:00 a.m. -
2 stops16h 45m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,074
Fri 22/13:10 p.m. -
2 stops55h 20m
Thu 4/210:05 p.m. -
2 stops24h 40m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,077
Sat 16/17:00 a.m. -
2 stops24h 50m
Wed 3/27:10 a.m. -
2 stops18h 41m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,022
Tue 23/23:00 p.m. -
2 stops17h 50m
Sat 13/35:50 p.m. -
2 stops19h 06m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,207
Tue 19/110:10 p.m. -
1 stop24h 20m
Sun 31/11:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,126
Fri 22/14:50 p.m. -
2 stops15h 25m
Sun 31/19:05 p.m. -
2 stops23h 54m
Deal found 30/10C$ 1,089
Wed 24/26:25 p.m. -
2 stops16h 45m
Sat 13/35:50 p.m. -
2 stops19h 06m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,207
Wed 20/110:10 p.m. -
2 stops30h 20m
Sun 31/11:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,151
Sun 10/110:10 p.m. -
2 stops34h 15m
Sun 24/18:45 p.m. -
2 stops26h 00m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,301
Tue 16/23:00 p.m. -
2 stops17h 50m
Wed 24/27:15 p.m. -
2 stops22h 01m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,208
Sun 14/37:40 p.m. -
2 stops18h 10m
Tue 23/311:00 p.m. -
2 stops35h 26m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,487
Thu 25/22:13 p.m. -
2 stops20h 57m
Thu 11/37:15 p.m. -
2 stops21h 47m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,239
Mon 1/33:00 p.m. -
2 stops17h 50m
Wed 10/37:15 p.m. -
2 stops26h 33m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,271
Sun 31/17:40 p.m. -
3 stops25h 25m
Tue 9/25:55 p.m. -
2 stops30h 51m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,793
Sat 1/51:00 p.m. -
2 stops24h 25m
Mon 21/67:00 p.m. -
2 stops19h 51m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,295
Sun 2/511:00 a.m. -
2 stops25h 10m
Mon 21/67:00 p.m. -
2 stops19h 51m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,295
Sun 2/511:00 a.m. -
2 stops25h 10m
Fri 18/67:00 p.m. -
2 stops19h 51m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,295
Sun 14/39:30 p.m. -
2 stops35h 05m
Tue 23/38:55 p.m. -
2 stops39h 35m
Deal found 30/10C$ 1,405
Tue 19/11:10 p.m. -
2 stops22h 00m
Wed 3/27:15 p.m. -
2 stops26h 33m
Deal found 2/11C$ 1,415
Thu 21/110:40 a.m. -
2 stops20h 55m
Mon 25/19:55 p.m. -
2 stops36h 26m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,442
Mon 23/115:00 a.m. -
2 stops26h 35m
Sun 6/129:55 p.m. -
2 stops27h 21m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,523
Sun 31/110:40 a.m. -
2 stops20h 55m
Tue 9/25:00 p.m. -
2 stops30h 30m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,670
Direct flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Explore direct flight options from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro based on user searches, and compare prices and availability for your desired travel dates. Data last updated 4 November 2026.
Thu 21/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 29/19:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 4/11C$ 863
Thu 21/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Tue 2/29:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 3/11C$ 870
Thu 21/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 5/29:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 2/11C$ 871
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 22/19:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 1/11C$ 891
Thu 28/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Tue 9/29:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 3/11C$ 951
Thu 28/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 12/39:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 2/11C$ 968
Thu 14/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 22/19:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 3/11C$ 975
Thu 25/26:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 5/39:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 30/10C$ 1,032
Thu 25/26:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 12/39:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 31/10C$ 1,036
Last-minute flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Discover last-minute flight deals from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Data last updated 4 November 2026 and is based on user searches.
Wed 4/112:13 p.m. -
2 stops20h 57m
Thu 12/117:00 p.m. -
2 stops22h 16m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,221
Mon 9/1112:44 p.m. -
2 stops23h 56m
Thu 26/1110:10 a.m. -
2 stops29h 26m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,060
Tue 10/112:30 p.m. -
2 stops24h 55m
Wed 2/127:05 p.m. -
2 stops25h 49m
Deal found 3/11C$ 1,117
Tue 10/112:13 p.m. -
2 stops42h 37m
Wed 18/117:00 p.m. -
2 stops22h 16m
Deal found 1/11C$ 1,246
Tue 1/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop29h 45m
Tue 8/125:05 p.m. -
2 stops29h 40m
Deal found 1/11C$ 909
Tue 1/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop15h 35m
Tue 8/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 31/10C$ 937
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
2 stops23h 00m
Wed 9/128:35 a.m. -
2 stops38h 10m
Deal found 3/11C$ 857
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop24h 20m
Wed 9/128:35 a.m. -
2 stops38h 10m
Deal found 3/11C$ 873
Wed 2/1210:10 p.m. -
1 stop24h 20m
Fri 11/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 3/11C$ 929
Fri 4/123:10 p.m. -
2 stops31h 20m
Sun 6/121:40 a.m. -
1 stop21h 05m
Deal found 1/11C$ 899
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Fri 22/19:30 a.m. -
Nonstop10h 45m
Deal found 1/11C$ 891
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Thu 21/19:30 a.m. -
1 stop15h 19m
Deal found 3/11C$ 948
One-way flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Search for one-way flight options from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 4 November 2026.
Thu 21/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 31/10C$ 453
Thu 31/126:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 1/11C$ 457
Thu 7/16:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 4/11C$ 474
Thu 18/37:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 4/11C$ 529
Thu 11/36:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 3/11C$ 531
Tue 16/26:00 a.m. -
2 stops25h 35m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 30/10C$ 541
Thu 29/47:10 p.m. -
Nonstop10h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 3/11C$ 548
Wed 28/42:20 p.m. -
1 stop15h 00m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 3/11C$ 564
Wed 10/36:10 a.m. -
2 stops49h 25m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 4/11C$ 565
Wed 28/47:20 a.m. -
2 stops25h 00m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 3/11C$ 575
Fri 12/37:00 a.m. -
2 stops22h 20m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 4/11C$ 596
Mon 22/22:13 p.m. -
2 stops20h 57m
Wed 31/1212:00 a.m. -
Nonstop0h 00m
Deal found 3/11C$ 645
Find flight deals from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Keep the following information in mind while searching for Quebec to Rio de Janeiro flight deals. Data was last updated 4 November 2026.
Customize your flight search to find flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 7,457,451 searches. Data last updated 4 November 2026.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro that are best for you.
Fly from
Fly to
Route
Depart
Return
Price
Cheapest round-trip
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Wed 28/4
2:20 p.m.-6:20 a.m.
1 stop15h 00m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 564
Quickest round-trip
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Sat 1/5
4:15 p.m.-6:20 a.m.
1 stop13h 05m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 618
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - SDU Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont
YULSDU
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Thu 11/3
3:00 p.m.-10:50 a.m.
2 stops17h 50m
Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 645
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Thu 14/1
10:05 a.m.-6:45 p.m.
2 stops30h 40m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 677
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Wed 9/12
6:00 a.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops25h 35m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Fri 15/1
3:00 p.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops40h 35m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Fri 4/12
7:00 a.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops24h 35m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Thu 31/12
7:00 a.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops24h 35m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Wed 13/1
6:00 a.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops25h 35m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
MontrealRio de Janeiro
YUL Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - GIG Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
YULGIG
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl
Thu 26/11
4:45 p.m.-9:35 a.m.
2 stops38h 50m
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl
Wed 31/12
12:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Nonstop0h 00m
C$ 687
Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.
Deals found on 3/11
Showing 1-10 of 52 resultsSorted by cheapest first
1
2
3
...
6
Best time to book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Rio de Janeiro from Quebec with our price prediction graph.
YUL-GIG
YUL-SDU
YQB-GIG
Estimated round-trip price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.
Cheapflights Insights
Everything you need to know about your flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
CAQC-RIO
YUL-GIG
YUL-SDU
YQB-GIG
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro (average of C$ 843). Flying from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro in December is currently the most expensive (average of C$ 1,531). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
How much does it cost to fly round-trip from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Airfare is below average for this route at the moment.
Quebec to Rio de Janeiro flights typically cost between C$ 1,005 and C$ 1,150 in January.The cheapest round-trip price found within the last 5 days was C$ 854 on Air Transat (21 Jan-31 Jan).
How far ahead should I book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
The price you pay for your flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro may vary depending on when you book. For the best chance of a lower fare, look to book 3 days in advance of your trip. Fares are likely to increase a fortnight or so before your departure date.
Related info for your journey
Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
How long is the flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
There are many flights that can get you from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro in 26h 15m. Fly via United Airlines, Delta, or GOL to get the fastest option. The distance from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro is about 8188 km. When browsing for deals, the options you’ll see will be for both direct flights and flights with stops.
What are the most popular routes from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
When deciding which route to take from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro consider Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont, Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl or Québec City - Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl as they are the most popular.
What are the cheapest flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Looking at all options, your cheapest flight can be booked for C$ 590. While the most popular route (Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl - Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont) can be booked for C$ 1,071 on average, our data indicates C$ 1,070 when flying from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro (average of C$ 843). Flying from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro in December is currently the most expensive (average of C$ 1,531). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
Explore flights to Rio de Janeiro departing from other origins. Flights are based on user searches made on Cheapflights and were last updated on 4 November 2026.
Top 7 airlines flying from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro
Discover the top 7 airlines that operate flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 7,457,451 searches. Data last updated 4 November 2026.
Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travelers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.
How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
Cheapflights goes through 900+ travel sites to look for the best flight deals for flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro. Too many options? Cheapflights also provides filters for things like airlines, price ranges, and number of stops to help you make a decision easily.
Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro?
It’s simple! Cheapflights, which is free to use for everyone, saves millions of users time and money every year by helping them find the cheapest and most suitable flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro.
Can Cheapflights find flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro with no change fees?
Cheapflights does show flights with no change fees to all users. To see these options for flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro, users can toggle the no change fees filter when performing a flight search.
Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro become cheaper?
Yes, and it’s super simple to set up. Click the bell icon next to the flight deals above and provide a valid email address to enable Price Alerts. That’s it!
100% Free
Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.
Book with Flexibility
Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees
Travel Smart
Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.
We value your privacy
Cheapflights and its partners wish to use cookies or similar technologies to store and/or access information on and about your device and process personal data such as your IP address, device identifiers etc., in order to improve your experience on the site, to analyze navigation, to offer and measure personalized advertising, and to facilitate sharing on social networks. We also allow the use of third-party cookies (including those from our advertising partners) on our sites.
By clicking 'Accept', you consent to your data being processed by 0 vendors on this web site for the purposes described in this notice. You can review the vendors and their individual processing purposes on the .
To review individual processing purposes and cookie categories, please click ’Select individual purposes’. You can review and update your choices anytime by clicking the ’Privacy Preferences’ link in the page side navigation.