Cheap flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh from C$ 194
This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 11/1. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
YYZ — RDU
17 Jan — 24 Jan1
Round-trip
1 adult
Economy
Round-trip
1 adult, Economy, 0 bags
Cheapflights Tip: The best prices from Toronto Pearson Intl to Raleigh-Durham are usually found in September or February, booked 44 days in advance, depart on a Friday or Tuesday and return on a Tuesday
Cheap flight deals from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Enter your travel dates to find the best prices.
Cheapest flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 18 December 2025.
Tue 30/127:45 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop23h 34mMultiple Airlines
Mon 5/15:54 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop17h 41mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 541
Fri 19/128:20 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop12h 28mMultiple Airlines
Wed 7/18:14 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop18h 06mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 631
Fri 19/128:20 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop12h 28mMultiple Airlines
Thu 8/110:11 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop15h 54mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 632
Tue 30/127:45 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop23h 34mMultiple Airlines
Sun 4/17:20 p.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops21h 05mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 642
Fri 19/128:20 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop12h 28mMultiple Airlines
Fri 9/15:54 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop4h 46mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 650
Sat 20/123:25 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop17h 03mMultiple Airlines
Wed 7/18:14 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop18h 06mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 672
Tue 16/127:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop9h 29mMultiple Airlines
Thu 18/129:49 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop13h 54mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 15/12C$ 685
Sat 20/123:25 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop17h 03mMultiple Airlines
Fri 9/15:54 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop4h 46mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 692
Best flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Pearson Intl to Raleigh that have cost, travel time, and layovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Fri 16/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop7h 56mMultiple Airlines
Sun 18/110:11 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop16h 09mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 320
Thu 22/15:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop27h 36mMultiple Airlines
Thu 29/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop8h 12mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 322
Fri 9/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop7h 42mMultiple Airlines
Sun 11/19:46 p.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops22h 25mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 331
Wed 14/17:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop9h 48mMultiple Airlines
Wed 21/17:10 a.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops16h 10mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 338
Thu 8/17:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
2 stops24h 35mMultiple Airlines
Thu 15/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop23h 32mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 15/12C$ 344
Thu 22/15:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop22h 25mMultiple Airlines
Wed 28/12:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop9h 56mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 351
Thu 22/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop8h 30mMultiple Airlines
Tue 27/17:10 a.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops16h 10mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 360
Tue 20/12:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop18h 43mMultiple Airlines
Thu 29/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop8h 12mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 361
Tue 20/111:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
2 stops12h 36mMultiple Airlines
Wed 28/12:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop9h 56mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 364
Wed 21/15:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop15h 45mMultiple Airlines
Tue 27/17:10 a.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops16h 10mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 369
Direct flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Explore direct flight options from Pearson Intl to Raleigh based on user searches, and compare prices and availability for your desired travel dates. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Sat 31/17:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sat 7/29:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 17/12C$ 650
Mon 2/27:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sat 7/29:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 15/12C$ 674
Fri 16/112:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sun 18/13:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 17/12C$ 675
Thu 12/312:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Mon 16/39:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 16/12C$ 676
Fri 16/112:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Thu 22/19:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 17/12C$ 686
Thu 15/112:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Mon 19/19:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 16/12C$ 688
Thu 22/112:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sun 25/13:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 16/12C$ 697
Mon 13/412:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 48mAir Canada
Sun 19/43:40 p.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 54mAir Canada
Deal found 17/12C$ 707
Tue 13/17:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sun 18/19:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 16/12C$ 710
Thu 8/17:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Thu 15/19:30 a.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 15/12C$ 719
Fri 9/112:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
Nonstop1h 53mAir Canada
Sun 18/13:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
Nonstop1h 55mAir Canada
Deal found 16/12C$ 729
Last-minute flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Discover last-minute flight deals from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Data last updated 18 December 2025 and is based on user searches.
Thu 8/17:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
2 stops24h 35mMultiple Airlines
Thu 15/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop23h 32mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 15/12C$ 344
Fri 9/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop7h 42mMultiple Airlines
Sun 18/110:11 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop16h 09mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 317
Fri 9/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop7h 42mMultiple Airlines
Sun 11/19:46 p.m.RDU - YYZ
2 stops22h 25mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 331
Wed 14/13:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop22h 33mMultiple Airlines
Wed 21/12:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop9h 56mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 314
Fri 16/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop7h 56mMultiple Airlines
Sun 18/110:11 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop16h 09mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 320
Wed 21/17:35 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop24h 33mMultiple Airlines
Thu 29/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop8h 12mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 309
Wed 21/17:35 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop24h 33mMultiple Airlines
Tue 27/14:15 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop22h 39mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 325
Thu 22/15:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop27h 36mMultiple Airlines
Thu 29/13:08 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop8h 12mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 322
Thu 22/17:10 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop8h 30mMultiple Airlines
Sun 25/19:56 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop16h 24mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 327
Thu 22/12:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop27h 50mMultiple Airlines
Mon 26/19:56 p.m.RDU - YYZ
1 stop16h 09mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 340
One-way flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Search for one-way flight options from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Sun 11/13:40 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop22h 33mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 194
Mon 2/25:15 p.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop20h 44mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 200
Mon 16/310:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop8h 56mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 16/12C$ 205
Sat 31/17:15 a.m.YYZ - RDU
2 stops10h 51mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 208
Wed 31/127:00 a.m.YYZ - RDU
1 stop9h 55mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 17/12C$ 335
Find flight deals from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Pearson Intl (YYZ) to Raleigh (RDU). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Customize your flight search to find flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 629,999 searches. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh that are best for you.
Fly from
Pearson Intl
Fly to
Raleigh
Route
Depart
Return
Price
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Fri 16/1
7:10 a.m.-3:06 p.m.
1 stop7h 56m
Raleigh-Durham
Sun 18/1
10:11 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
1 stop16h 09m
C$ 320
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Thu 22/1
5:15 p.m.-8:51 p.m.
1 stop27h 36m
Raleigh-Durham
Thu 29/1
3:08 p.m.-11:20 p.m.
1 stop8h 12m
C$ 322
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Fri 9/1
7:10 a.m.-2:52 p.m.
1 stop7h 42m
Raleigh-Durham
Sun 11/1
9:46 p.m.-8:11 p.m.
2 stops22h 25m
C$ 331
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Wed 14/1
7:15 a.m.-5:03 p.m.
1 stop9h 48m
Raleigh-Durham
Wed 21/1
7:10 a.m.-11:20 p.m.
2 stops16h 10m
C$ 338
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Thu 8/1
7:15 a.m.-7:50 a.m.
2 stops24h 35m
Raleigh-Durham
Thu 15/1
3:08 p.m.-2:40 p.m.
1 stop23h 32m
C$ 344
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Thu 22/1
5:15 p.m.-3:40 p.m.
1 stop22h 25m
Raleigh-Durham
Wed 28/1
2:15 p.m.-12:11 a.m.
1 stop9h 56m
C$ 351
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Thu 22/1
7:10 a.m.-3:40 p.m.
1 stop8h 30m
Raleigh-Durham
Tue 27/1
7:10 a.m.-11:20 p.m.
2 stops16h 10m
C$ 360
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Tue 20/1
2:15 p.m.-8:58 a.m.
1 stop18h 43m
Raleigh-Durham
Thu 29/1
3:08 p.m.-11:20 p.m.
1 stop8h 12m
C$ 361
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Tue 20/1
11:15 a.m.-11:51 p.m.
2 stops12h 36m
Raleigh-Durham
Wed 28/1
2:15 p.m.-12:11 a.m.
1 stop9h 56m
C$ 364
TorontoRaleigh
YYZ - RDU
YYZRDU
Toronto Pearson Intl
Wed 21/1
5:15 p.m.-9:00 a.m.
1 stop15h 45m
Raleigh-Durham
Tue 27/1
7:10 a.m.-11:20 p.m.
2 stops16h 10m
C$ 369
Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.
Deals found on 17/12
Showing 1-10 of 15 results
1
2
Best time to book a flight from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Raleigh from Pearson Intl with our price prediction graph.
Estimated round-trip price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.
Cheapflights Insights
Everything you need to know about your flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh
Prices
Airlines
More
How far ahead should I book a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Use this chart to determine the optimal time to book a round-trip flight from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Price data was last updated on 12 December 2025.
To ensure you get the cheapest price possible for a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh, you should look to book at least 44 days in advance of your intended travel date. The price of your flight may increase if you delay and leave booking until a week or so before departure.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Currently, August is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh (average of C$ 244). Flying from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh in November is currently the most expensive (average of C$ 530). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
What is the cheapest time of day to fly from YYZ to RDU?
Find hourly flight availability from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
A simple way to save on the total cost of your ticket is to fly from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh at noon. If you’re flexible enough to do this you can expect to save up to 11% on your trip compared to booking a flight in the afternoon.
What is the cheapest day to fly from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly round-trip from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Price data was last updated on 13 December 2025.
Travelers seeking maximum savings on their Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh flight should consider departing on Thursday evenings when fares are most often at their lowest. Sunday afternoons flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.
How much does it cost to fly round-trip from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Weekly flight availability from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh
Explore weekly flight availability from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Discover flights operating on different days of the week, giving you the flexibility to choose a travel day that best fits your plans. Compare info to find the most convenient option for your journey. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
The most flights from YYZ to RDU are scheduled on a Tuesday (6 on average). You will have fewer flight options on Monday, which is when the least amount of flights are scheduled (5 on average).
What’s the top layover airport for flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Share of one-stop round-trip flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, using the same layover each way.
Chicago (ORD) – chosen by Cheapflights users on 50% of one-stop itineraries from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh on Cheapflights.
What’s the cheapest layover airport for flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Average round-trip fare for 1-stop flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh, chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, with the same layover each way.
Chicago (ORD) is the most affordable 1-stop option, with an average round-trip price of C$ 620.
What’s the fastest layover option from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Shortest average travel time for 1-stop one-way flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh, based on itineraries clicked by Cheapflights users over the past 12 months, grouped by layover airport.
Flights via New York (JFK) have the shortest average one-way travel time for 1-stop routes: 6h 41m.
Which airport typically offers the quickest layover for flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Average layover duration for 1-stop one-way flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh, chosen by Cheapflights users in the last 12 months, grouped by stopover airport.
Flights via New York (JFK) offer the fastest connection on this route, with an average layover time of 3h 06m.
Reviews of airlines servicing Raleigh
Get insights into the airlines that provide service to Raleigh. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to Raleigh. Reviews last updated 18 December 2025.
Check out reviews from past customers who have flown with United Airlines and Air Canada from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh to help guide your decision. You can also see how each airline stacks up in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
Seems like every United flight has a delay and it’s always someone else’s fault. Step up and take some accountability
Related info for your journey
Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
What airport do you fly into for flights to Raleigh from Toronto Pearson Intl?
If you book a flight to Raleigh from Toronto Pearson Intl, you will be flying to Raleigh-Durham, which is the city’s only airport. Raleigh-Durham (RDU) is located 17.8 km from the centre of Raleigh. There are 5 flights from Toronto Pearson Intl to Raleigh-Durham per day from 2 different airlines.
What are the cheapest airlines flying from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh round-trip?
Air Canada, at C$ 481, was found to be the cheapest airline from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh. An alternate airline flying to your destination would be United Airlines. Air Canada is priced at 32% lower than the current average price of a flight leaving 3 months from now.
What are the most reliable airlines from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Looking for the most reliable airlines to get you to your destination on time? Our data shows these are most likely to get you from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh on time: Air Canada (73%), Jazz (73%), United Airlines (73%).
What are the cheapest flights from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
On average you can expect to pay C$ 596 for a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh. The cheapest flight overall is C$ 370 while the most popular route, (Toronto Pearson Intl - Raleigh-Durham) is currently priced at C$ 314.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Pearson Intl to Raleigh by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh?
Currently, August is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh (average of C$ 244). Flying from Toronto Pearson Intl Airport to Raleigh in November is currently the most expensive (average of C$ 530). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.
Browse through other flights departing from Pearson Intl. Flights are based on user searches made on Cheapflights and were last updated on 18 December 2025.
Explore flights to Raleigh departing from other origins. Flights are based on user searches made on Cheapflights and were last updated on 18 December 2025.
Top 2 airlines flying from Pearson Intl to Raleigh
Discover the top 2 airlines that operate flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 629,999 searches. Data last updated 18 December 2025.
Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travelers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.
How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh?
Cheapflights makes it easy to find Pearson Intl to Raleigh flights by helping our users search from 900+ travel sites for deals. We also provide you with filters for cabin, price, airline, airports, number of stops, and many more to narrow down that perfect flight.
Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Pearson Intl to Raleigh?
Cheapflights helps you find that perfect flight to Raleigh from Pearson Intl by searching from hundreds of airlines and agencies you know and love. We are also free to use, in case you were wondering!
Can Cheapflights find flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh with no change fees?
Certainly. Search results for flights to Raleigh from Pearson Intl shown to you on Cheapflights can be narrowed down with different useful search filters, which includes flexible booking options.
Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh become cheaper?
Of course! You can now track prices for flights from Pearson Intl to Raleigh and get an alert from Cheapflights when they change. Have a valid email address ready and click the bell icon next to the flight deals above to set up your price alerts.
100% Free
Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.
Book with Flexibility
Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees
Travel Smart
Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.
We value your privacy
Cheapflights and its partners wish to use cookies or similar technologies to store and/or access information on and about your device and process personal data such as your IP address, device identifiers etc., in order to improve your experience on the site, to analyze navigation, to offer and measure personalized advertising, and to facilitate sharing on social networks. We also allow the use of third-party cookies (including those from our advertising partners) on our sites.
By clicking 'Accept', you consent to your data being processed by 0 vendors on this web site for the purposes described in this notice. You can review the vendors and their individual processing purposes on the .
To review individual processing purposes and cookie categories, please click ’Select individual purposes’. You can review and update your choices anytime by clicking the ’Privacy Preferences’ link in the page side navigation.